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A universe of beauty, mystery and wonder
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Showing posts with label Microbes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Microbes. Show all posts

Friday, September 1, 2017

Hurricane Harvey: SCHOOLS SHOULD TEACH LIFE SAVING SKILLS instead of sexual depravity in the name of political correctness - Harvey's collateral damage: infectious diseases, mold, and more

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There is an ongoing controversy over how leftist educators are indoctrinating children as young as six years old in human sexuality and all its variants, including details about intimate acts that past generations characterized as depraved.  All that is done in the name of inclusivity, so that children will not only learn to accept such behavior as normal, but will,  in the minds of leftist educators, embrace it too at some point.
 
There was a time when schools were meant to educate children, make them better citizens, better human beings.  These days they are used as centers of indoctrination for the cult of political correctness as defined by left wing educators and politicians.  Inclusivity, for example, now automatically excludes conservative views.  Tolerance is extolled, except for people with traditional values.   
 
And the latest environmental tragedy in Texas reminds us once again how schools have utterly failed to prepare individuals to save themselves.  We have watched hours of TV reporting on the tragedy affecting Houston and other localities submerged under water.   Although there is no denying the personal suffering of thousands of people, you may have felt curious about a few issues that the media chooses not to discuss.
 
There was too much blind trust on authorities, not enough independent thinking. 
Harvey was expected to be huge, that much we knew, and even worse than it actually turned out to be.  However, people chose to obey instructions that told them "to shelter in place" regardless of where they were.  The mayor of Houston said it would have been impossible to evacuate six million people.  However, it would have made good sense to evacuate a few thousand, particularly vulnerable folks such as people in nursing homes.
 
If you live on a third floor or higher, have plenty of food and supplies, and are well acquainted with survival skills, then it makes sense to shelter in place.  But if you live on a first or second floor, if you are fragile due to old age or a medical condition, if you are pregnant, if you have children with serious health issues, and if you don't have the money to purchase essential supplies for at least a couple of weeks, then it makes sense to evacuate ahead of time. 
 
There were many cases of people who were perfectly safe but had to be rescued because they ran out of food on the third day of the storm.  Even under normal conditions we should have enough food supplies for two weeks or more.  Not items that will spoil in case the power goes off, but canned food, crackers, peanut butter, health bars, and such.   And lots of drinking water.
 
People had not prepared a BUG OUT BAG
Time and again you would see people carrying nothing with them as they were being rescued.  Nothing!   A bug out bag is essential and should be ready at all times.  Some items can be left there permanently, such as extra clothes, while others should be on a list to include before departure, such as medications, pet food, health bars, important documentation, money, credit cards, and so on.  There are websites that specialize on bug out bags, and how to prepare for a disaster in general.  
 
Some people drowned or risked their lives because they did not know how to swim.
Swimming lessons should be mandatory for all able school children.   No one should lose his life because of the lack of such a basic skill.  But then educators are told to spend time teaching about kinky sex instead.
 
Warnings about water infections should have been given from the start. 
People wading in water should have been aware of the many germs lurking in that water, and how dangerous they are if you happen to have a scratch on your skin.
 
Texas had at least two weeks to prepare but there was no well organized plan to save pets and other animals.
Some loyal pet owners made sure that their pets went with them no matter what, but many others left them behind, to maybe drown or starve.  This is a situation that unfortunately repeats itself in every single disaster.
 
Washington Post:  Experts talk about the flood's collateral damage
 
Excerpts:   
 
Short term -  Water injuries
 
The majority of people who die during floods drown: About 75 percent of the fatalities are drownings, per the World Health Organization. Two feet of rapid floodwater will sweep away an SUV. Just six inches of water, if it moves quickly enough, can knock over an adult, according to the National Weather Service.
 
Floodwaters can also draw out unwelcome wild animals. Images of stinging fire ants clumped together as large floating rafts set social media abuzz on Monday. Snakes, too, are a concern.   Storm activity definitely increases the potential for snakebite as the snakes get flooded out and seek higher ground.
 
Short term: Infectious diseases
 
A flood contains more than rain. Sewage systems spill their guts. And the water can dredge up things more disturbing, if less infectious, than human waste. In New Orleans in 2005, the flooding from Hurricane Katrina exhumed corpses, sending coffins afloat through neighborhoods.
 
It is not easy to predict the nasty microbes that will strike. But Hurricane Katrina, which hit land at the same time of the year as Harvey, could offer some lessons.   In September 2005, the CDC reported 30 cases of MRSA, an antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus bacterium, among a group of New Orleans evacuees sent to Dallas.
 
And Vibrio pathogens, bacteria popularly described as “flesh-eating," sickened two dozen people and killed six. There were also scattered reports of skin rashes, from infections and heat, as well as red marks blamed on biting mites.  Texas health officials are urging people to get tetanus booster shots to protect themselves against the disease, which enters the body through cuts. 
 
Continue reading

Wednesday, August 23, 2017

MYSTERIOUS CREATURES INSIDE OF US - 99% OF MICROBIAL DNA IN HUMAN BLOOD IS UNKNOWN

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*  Mysterious, unknown creatures live inside of us....  This is not a horror film script, but the result of a scientific study.
*  And when you think of how bacteria (particularly gut bacteria) influence our brain and emotions, then we have ask the disturbing question:  Who is in charge of us?
 
Stanford University:  A survey of DNA fragments circulating in the blood suggests the microbes living within us are vastly more diverse than previously known. In fact, 99 percent of that DNA has never been seen before.

A great deal of mystery DNA has been found in the human gut. Of all the non-human DNA fragments the team gathered, 99 percent of them failed to match anything in existing genetic databases.
 
A new survey of DNA fragments circulating in human blood suggests our bodies contain vastly more diverse microbes than anyone previously understood. What's more, the overwhelming majority of those microbes have never been seen before, let alone classified and named, Stanford researchers report August 22 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
 
Continue reading this article and one on how gut bacteria affect the brain, including the incidence of AUTISM

Tuesday, July 11, 2017

EVEN ONE NIGHT WITHOUT PROPER SLEEP CONTRIBUTES TO ALZHEIMER'S disease, says university study - Disrupted sleep increases brain protein associated with Alzheimer's

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  • Lack of sleep is known to be harmful to our health and well being. 
  • Now a study proves that it can also contribute to Alzheimer's disease, as the following article explains.
  • But Alzheimer's may have several origins.   
  • One of them is prions, which are pathogens that can be transmitted from medical tools such as dentists' instruments, from blood transfusions, meat contaminated with BSC, and even from person to person. 
  • This proven and alarming fact is played down by scientists and the media because of its obvious implications for the meat industry, dental care, and other medical procedures.   
  • Prions are microscopic life forms that are neither bacteria nor viruses. 
  • They can travel from grass to cow to human. Or from a contaminated item to you.
  • Certain prions can cause serious neurological damage to both animals and people, including Alzheimer's.
  • What makes prions so dangerous is that they are indestructible by any known method of sterilization.  
  • So while lifestyle and genetics may influence the incidence of Alzheimer's, there are prions lurking in our environment that are a real threat.
  • READ MORE about prions and Alzheimer's HERE
Study:  Disrupting just one night of sleep in healthy, middle-aged adults causes an increase in a brain protein associated with Alzheimer's disease, research shows.
 
Further, a week of poor sleep leads to an increase in another brain protein that has been linked to brain damage in Alzheimer's and other neurological diseases.   A good night's sleep refreshes body and mind, but a poor night's sleep can do just the opposite.
 
Continue reading

Thursday, June 15, 2017

HOW BACTERIA HELP CARNIVORE PITCHER PLANTS CATCH PREY - One of so many examples of bacteria helping their animal and plant hosts survive

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There are countless examples of life-enabling collaboration between bacteria and their animal or plant hosts.  We humans, for example, benefit from bacteria living in our guts to help us digest food.  And 90% of our cells are bacterial.  We look human because our cells are bigger, that's all.    Here is another surprising example of important collaboration between bacteria and other living things: 
640px-darlingtonia_californica_ne1
How Bacteria Help Pitcher Plants Trap Prey
  • Pity the insect that tumbles into a pitcher plant’s trap. The slippery walls and waiting pool of water ensure it won’t clamber back out. There’s nothing left to do but wait to be digested.
  • The California pitcher plant (Darlingtonia californica) is also called the cobra lily for its curled-over shape that hides its exit from its victims.
  • Unlike other pitcher plants, it doesn’t fill its trap from above with rainwater but from below, drawing water up with its roots. But like others, it seems to use bacteria living in that well to help digest its prey.  
  • The bacteria perform another role too: making the liquid even harder for an insect to escape than ordinary water. 

Continue reading this and other amazing articles about microbes

Saturday, April 29, 2017

UNKNOWN FUNGUS FOUND GROWING ON INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION - It is clogging waterlines and spreading on walls and surfaces - NASA will investigate

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Those of you who remember the film "Alien" know it's bad news to find an uninvited guest on board a spacecraft. 
  • Astronauts have reported funding strange microbial growths on walls and surfaces, and it has even clogged waterlines
  • Two instruments onboard will be used to analyse it in orbit
NASA is set to use a radical new 'tricorder' DNA sequencer to work out what a mysterious fungus found growing on the International Space Station is.

Astronauts have reported funding the strange microbial growths on walls and surfaces, and it has even clogged waterlines. 
Now, two instruments onboard will be used to analyse it in orbit, allowing mission controllers to work out how to deal with it.   Currently, the only way to identify contaminants is to take a sample and send it back to Earth.
 
Continue reading

Friday, April 14, 2017

GLUTEN ALLERGY MAY BE CAUSED BY A VIRUS INFECTION

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VIDEO: 

Gluten allergy in coeliac disease may be provoked by a virus

By Andy Coghlan, New Scientist
 
Infection with a common, symptomless virus could be one of the first steps towards developing coeliac disease, a painful autoimmune condition that damages the gut.
 
Coeliac disease involves the immune system treating gluten as an antigen and attacking it and has generally been thought to be a genetic disease.
 
However, there is some evidence that the onset of the condition may be linked to people experiencing viral infections. These may include infection by adenoviruses, which cause colds, rotaviruses, which can cause diarrhoea, and the hepatitis C virus.
 
Now there is experimental evidence that some viruses may indeed prompt the onset of coeliac disease.
 
Continue reading

Saturday, February 18, 2017

ANCIENT MICROBES FOUND DORMANT BUT ALIVE INSIDE 50,000 YEAR OLD CRYSTALS INSIDE MEXICAN CAVE

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Inside Fairyland: Biologists discover life trapped inside 50,000-year-old crystals found in stunning Mexican cave system
  • NASA scientists have discovered a cave in Naica, Mexico 
  • They say it supports life within crystals that could be up to 50,000 years old
  • The life forms survived on minerals like iron and manganese
  • They exist in punishing conditions over 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37 Celsius)
  • The life forms - 40 different strains of microbes and even some viruses - are so ancient that their nearest relatives are still 10 per cent different genetically.
  • That makes their closest relative still pretty far away, about as far away as humans are from mushrooms.
  • Several years ago, a different group of scientists published studies about microbes trapped in ice and salt that may be half a million years old and still alive.
  •  The bizarre and ancient microbes were found dormant in caves in Naica, Mexico, and were able to exist by living on minerals such as iron and manganese
     
    Continue reading and see more photos

    Thursday, February 16, 2017

    ISRAELI SCIENTISTS CRACK THE LANGUAGE CODE USED BY VIRUSES TO COMMUNICATE WITH THEIR KIN AND DESCENDANTS - Their chemical messages are to either attack the host or to remain dormant

    ©http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/. Unauthorized duplication of this blog's material is prohibited.   Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full credit and link is given to Otters and Science News Blogspot.  Link to this post:  http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/2017/02/israeli-scientists-crack-language-code.html - Thank you for visiting my blog.
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    Viruses 'Overheard' Talking to One Another  -  Israeli scientists have been able to track down the "conversations" between viruses and the messages they leave for each other. 
    • Viruses sense chemical signals left behind by their forebears so they can decide whether to kill or just to infect their hosts. 
    • The discovery marks the first time that any type of viral communication system has ever been found.
    • But researchers say that many other viruses could communicate with each other through their own molecular languages.
    • If that is the case, scientists might have found a new way to disrupt viral attacks.
    • Sorek’s team was looking for evidence that a bacterium called Bacillus subtilis might alert other bacteria to phages.
    • The researchers knew that bacteria speak to their brethren through secreting and sensing an array of chemicals.  
    • This phenomenon, called quorum sensing, allows the bacteria to adjust behaviours according to the numbers of other bacteria around.
    • For instance, bacteria use quorum sensing to decide whether to divide or when to launch an infection.  
    • Instead, the team found, to its surprise, that a viral invader makes a chemical that influences the behaviour of other viruses. 
    • Some phages can infect cells in two different ways. Usually, they hijack host cells and multiply until the hosts  die.
    • Sometimes, however, phages insert their own genetic material into a host’s genome, then lie dormant until a trigger causes them to reawaken and multiply later.
    • Phages broadcast in different frequencies. They speak in different languages and they can hear only the language that they speak

    Continue reading and see more illustrations

    Tuesday, August 23, 2016

    HOW VIRAL DNA IN OUR HUMAN GENOME PROTECTS US FROM INFECTION - HUMAN DNA IS 8% OF VIRAL ORIGIN

    ©http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/. Unauthorized duplication of this blog's material is prohibited.   Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full credit and link is given to Otters and Science News Blogspot.  Link to this post:  http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/2016/03/how-viral-dna-in-our-human-genome.html - Thank you for visiting my blog.
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    VIRUSES ARE AWESOME.  Some are life-threatening, others help us get well.  If you want to study a truly mysterious life form you don't need to travel to distant planets.  Just focus on viruses.  They are ancient, they are incredibly varied and always rapidly evolving.  And they are part of us. 

    VirolutionI first became aware of the importance of the viral origin of some of our human DNA when reading the fascinating book VIROLUTION by Dr. Frank Ryan. 
     
    The book is rich in information and will keep you riveted.  It's addressed to the non-scientific reader, and I highly recommend it. 
     
    The author makes two key points about scientists' lack of knowledge regarding the positive role of viruses in human DNA: 
    The perplexing beauty
     of viruses
    (1)  The subject is never addressed in medical schools.  According to Dr. Ryan, physicians and scientists had never heard about viruses living in symbiosis with humans prior to attending his lectures.   
     
    (2)  DNA specialists have DELIBERATELY disregarded this viral DNA in the human genome.  They ignore it because they can't explain it, thus distorting their DNA-related results. 
    Page 217, Virolution:  All too many scientists fail to grasp the omnipresent nature of viral symbiosis (between viruses and vertebrates in our human DNA), and we witness the same lack of understanding in he design of the genetic chips and screening software, which all too often exclude viral elements and control sequences as part of a deliberate policy.  Inevitably this blinkers investigators working on oncology (cancer studies), and on other disease causation 
    Frank   Ryan
    DR FRANK RYAN
     
    Due to Dr Frank Ryan's work and that of other similarly-minded scientists, the truth about the positive role played by the symbiosis between virus and vertebrate DNA and their role in human evolution, is finally starting to become mainstream.
     
    Further on this page see link to an article that explain how human life and that of other mammals would not be possible without a virus that is essential for the existence of the placenta, on which mammals depend to reproduce.  
     
    There has been evidence for some time that some viral DNA living in symbiosis with vertebrate DNA in the human genome plays a protective role in our immune system.  The following article expands on one particular instance. 

    HOW ANCIENT VIRUSES IN OUR DNA
    HELP US FIGHT INFECTIONS
    • EIGHT PERCENT of our DNA is of viral origin, the remnants of ancient infections. 
    • They started out as aggressors, according to their viral nature. 
    • Then they stayed as part of a mutual interest symbiotic relationship.
    • They are an integral part of our DNA and immune system.
    • They are on our team and help us fight other viral invaders 

    Study by scientists at the University of Utah School of Medicine show that evolution has repurposed some of these viral remains into weapons against its own kind.
     
    The scientists found bits of viral DNA embedded in our genome are actually regulating genes that are integral components of our innate immune system - which is the first line of defense against pathogens, including viruses. 
     
    The so-called endogenous viruses were thought to be just an oddity - but, a new study claims that evolution has repurposed them to fight off modern diseases (stock virus image shown)
    When some of these bits of foreign code are removed experimentally, the defense system becomes crippled.
     
    'We show that some of these endogenous viruses have shaped our biology,' says Cédric Feschotte, Ph.D., co-senior author and associate professor of human genetics. 
     
    Within mammalian genomes are reservoirs of viral DNA that have fueled innovation of the innate immune system.'  The human innate immune system's ability to defeat foreign invaders depends on a well-coordinated response. 
     
    Upon infection, cells dispatch a silent alarm by releasing interferons, a molecular signal that triggers nearby cells to activate an arsenal of hundreds of genes that fight off intruders. 
     
    By analysing publicly available genomic datasets from human cells, the authors discovered thousands of endogenous retroviruses that appeared to be activated by interferons. 
     
    However, because these retroviruses crash-landed into our genomes many millions of years ago, they have long lost the ability to produce infectious particles. 

    Continue reading and see additional information and references

    Monday, August 8, 2016

    MICROSCOPIC CREATURE DEFIES THE RULES FOR CELLULAR ENERGY MAKING - All animals, plants, and fungi have eukaryotic cells with mitochondria for power generation, except this one - MONOCERCOMONOIDES, tiny but awesome

    ©http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/. Unauthorized duplication of this blog's material is prohibited.   Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full credit and link is given to Otters and Science News Blogspot.  Link to this post:  http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/2016/08/microscopic-creature-defies-rules-for.html - Thank you for visiting my blog.
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    -  We are spending enormous amounts of money and effort trying to discover signs of life on Mars and other places in outer space. 
    -  However, we have not even acquainted ourselves with so many mysterious and weird life forms right here on Earth. 
    -  They live in ocean depths, in caves, in forests, in ancient and remote geological areas, and in other places of difficult access to scientists. 
    -  The question is, at the rate we are pillaging and polluting our planet, will those creatures survive our depredations long enough for us to find them alive?
    Eukaryota diversity 2.jpg 
    We all have eukaryotic cells with mitochondria for energy making.  The following discovery changes a fundamental notion they taught you in biology class. 
     
    The strange creatures that defy biology: Organisms power themselves in a different way to every other plant, animal and fungus on the planet
    Biologists have discovered a strange single-celled creature which lack the usual cellular power stations needed to produce energy. The creature, called Monocercomonoides (pictured), is at odds with the idea that mitochondria are essential components of eukaryotic cells
    Meet MONOCERCOMONIDES
    Not much to look at,
    but this guy is a revolutionary

    • A single-celled organism called Monocercomonoides lacks mitochondria,
    • Mitochondria are believed to be essential for eukaryotic cells by generating power for cells
    • Mitochondria use oxygen and sugar to produce packets of chemical energy.
    • But monocercomonoides uses a chemical process involving sulphur.
    • Researchers say that rather than evolving without mitochondria, the creatures lost them at some point in their past   

     
    Figure thumbnail fx1
    Biologists have discovered a strange single-celled creature which lacks the usual cellular 'power stations needed' to produce energy.
     
    It was thought all complex cells, including animals, plants and fungi, contained the tiny power-producing organs called mitochondria.

    But a team in the Czech Republic has discovered a microscopic creature that contains no trace of them at all, making them a biological oddity.
     
    The creature, a type of single-celled organism called Monocercomonoides, is at odds with the idea that mitochondria are essential components of eukaryotic cells.

    Continue reading and see more illustrations

    Tuesday, March 29, 2016

    PLAYING GOD, SCIENTISTS CREATE ARTIFICIAL LIFE - A tiny bacterial cell nicknamed SYNTHIA 3.0 marks the start of a new era in biology - This technology could be used to create a biological weapon. - Those genes could also jump species, creating an incurable plague.

    ©http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/. Unauthorized duplication of this blog's material is prohibited.   Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full credit and link is given to Otters and Science News Blogspot.  Link to this post:  http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/2016/03/playing-god-scientists-create.html - Thank you for visiting my blog.
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    Craig Venter (pictured) has been leading research to find the basic genes needed for life in the hope of using this to create new types of synthetic microbes that can clean up pollution, produce biofuels or generate vaccines. He described the creation of Synthia 3.0 as the 'start of a new era'
    DR CRAIG VENTER
    Let there be artificial life! Tiny lifeform created with just 473 'essential' genes could unlock the secrets of our existence
  • Scientists have created a new artificial bacterial cell nicknamed Synthia 3.0 
  • They did this by stripping down the bacterial genome to just 473 genes
  • These were the minimal genes found to be essential to maintain life
  • It could lead to new forms of customised synthetic life capable of cleaning up pollution, producing biofuels or pumping out vaccines on demand

  • Continue reading and see microscopic images

    Sunday, March 13, 2016

    DOCTORS WARN: ZIKA VIRUS CAN CAUSE SERIOUS BRAIN INFECTION IN ADULTS leading to paralysis - Zika can also cause MYELITIS, and inflammation of the spinal cord - Zika is also associated with GUILLAIN-BARRE, where the immune system attacks the nervous system - The Zika virus is transmitted by mosquito bite and sexual contact

    ©http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/. Unauthorized duplication of this blog's material is prohibited.   Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full credit and link is given to Otters and Science News Blogspot.  Link to this post:  http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/2016/03/doctors-warn-zika-virus-can-cause.html - Thank you for visiting my blog.
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  • The Zika virus already linked to brain damage and birth defects in babies
  • Now, French researchers warn it can also cause a brain infection in adults
  • Meningoencephalitis causes brain and tissue to become inflammed
  • The infection was detected in an 81-year-old man that had contracted Zika during a cruise in Zika-ravaged country
  • The man was semi-comatose, with high fever and partial paralysis
  • Researchers have also linked Zika to myelitis, an inflammation of the spinal cord that causes paralysis.
  • In addition Zika is also associated with Guillain-Barre, a rare condition in which the body's immune system attacks the part of the nervous system that controls muscle strength.

  • Aedes aegypti.jpgDaily Mail - The Zika virus can cause serious brain infections in adults, French scientists warned today.  The mosquito-borne virus has already been linked to brain damage in babies, largely through a birth defect call microcephaly.  Babies with the condition have abnormally small heads, and underdeveloped brains. 
     
    But until now, no effects on adult brains had been associated with the fast-spreading virus.  However, researchers revealed Zika has been found to cause adults to develop a brain infection called meningoencephalitis.
     
    Continue reading and see illustrations and more information about Zika and related diseases and anomalies

    Sunday, January 31, 2016

    WAS ZIKA OUTBREAK CAUSED BY GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOSQUITOS? The release of GM mosquitos combined with Brazil's overuse of antibiotics in animal feed may have combined in unexpected ways to create this major outbreak.

    ©http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/. Unauthorized duplication of this blog's material is prohibited.   Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full credit and link is given to Otters and Science News Blogspot.  Link to this post:  http://ottersandsciencenews.blogspot.ca/2016/01/was-zika-outbreak-caused-by-genetically.html - Thank you for visiting my blog.
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    The following article is a speculative report but not without basis.  Genetic experimentation is notorious for being indifferent to the Law of Unintended consequences.   
    Flavivirus
    ZIKA VIRUS
     
    In spite of our human arrogance, this Earth belongs to microbes.  Microbes outnumber us, they rule over us, and they will outlast us.  I would like to encourage everyone to learn more about them, and viruses in particular. 

    Viruses are ancient, mysterious, and fascinating infectious agents with unique ways for reproducing, evolving, and surviving.  
     
    Although they are inert outside a host, they act as a regular life form once they invade a host (which could be another virus!). 
     
    Large portions of our human genome are of viral origin.  
     
    At several points in our animal ancestors' lives there were viruses that invaded them and mixed their viral genes with the genes of the animal host in symbiotic relationships that last to this day. 
     
    Please read article on how humans would not exist without viral contribution to their genome.  Viruses allow for the existence of the placenta.   VIRUS MADE HUMAN EXISTENCE POSSIBLE
     
     
    Zika Outbreak Epicenter In Same Area Genetically-Modified Mosquitoes Released In 2015

    THE MIRROR, UK -  The Zika virus outbreak currently gripping the Americas could have been sparked by the release of genetically modified mosquitoes in 2012, critics say.
     
    Continue reading and see additional illustrations