DOES BIZARRE BEHAVIOR BY QUANTUM PARTICLES INDICATE THE EXISTENCE OF PARALLEL UNIVERSES? - Professor Bill Poirier's "Many Interacting Worlds" theory seems to indicate so.
Texas University professor Bill Poirier's theory of Many Interacting Worlds
Howard University professor Howard Weisman's theory of Parallel Universes
Is our universe a Hologram?
Stanford University professor William A. Tiller: Mind over matter: How the human mind affects atomic particles and molecules' behavior
Strange behavior of quantum particles may indicate the existence of parallel universes
By John Davis, Phys.org
It started about five years ago with a practical chemistry question.
Little did Bill Poirier realize as he delved into the quantum mechanics of complex molecules that he would fall down the rabbit hole to discover evidence of other parallel worlds that might well be poking through into our own, showing up at the quantum level.
In his theory, Poirier postulates that small particles from many worlds seep through to interact with our own, and their interaction accounts for the strange phenomena of quantum mechanics.
Such phenomena include particles that seem to be in more than one place at a time, or to communicate with each other over great distances without explanations.
Likewise, quantum communication of faraway particles – something Albert Einstein called "spooky action at a distance" – is actually due to interaction of nearby worlds.
The Texas Tech University professor of chemistry and biochemistry said that quantum mechanics is a strange realm of reality. Particles at this atomic and subatomic level can appear to be in two places at once.
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Because the activity of these particles is so iffy, scientists can only describe what's happening mathematically by "drawing" the tiny landscape as a wave of probability.
Chemists like Poirier draw these landscapes to better understand chemical reactions. Despite the "uncertainty" of particle location, quantum wave mechanics allows scientists to make precise predictions.
The rules for doing so are well established. At least, they were until Poirier's recent "eureka" moment when he found a completely new way to draw quantum landscapes. Instead of waves, his medium became parallel universes.
Though his theory, called "Many Interacting Worlds," sounds like science fiction, it holds up mathematically.
Originally published in 2010, it has led to a number of invited presentations, peer-reviewed journal articles and a recent invited commentary in the premier physics journal Physical Review.
"This has gotten a lot of attention in the foundational mechanics community as well as the popular press," Poirier said.
"At a symposium in Vienna in 2013, standing five feet away from a famous Nobel Laureate in physics, I gave my presentation on this work fully expecting criticism. I was surprised when I received none. Also, I was happy to see that I didn't have anything obviously wrong with my mathematics."
In his theory, Poirier postulates that small particles from many worlds seep through to interact with our own, and their interaction accounts for the strange phenomena of quantum mechanics. Such phenomena include particles that seem to be in more than one place at a time, or to communicate with each other over great distances without explanations.
There is no fuzziness in his theory. Particles do occupy well-defined positions in any given world. However, these positions vary from world to world, explaining why they appear to be in several places at once.
Likewise, quantum communication of faraway particles – something Albert Einstein called "spooky action at a distance" – is actually due to interaction of nearby worlds.
Waving goodbye?
Many Interacting Worlds theory doesn't prove that the quantum wave does not exist, or that many worlds do exist, Poirier said. The standard wave theory is perfectly fine in most respects, providing agreement with experiment, for example.
"Our theory, though based on different mathematics, makes exactly the same experimental predictions," he said.
"So what we have done is to open the possibility that the quantum wave may not exist. It now has only as much right to that claim as do many interacting worlds – no more and no less. This may be as definitive a statement as one can hope to make about a subject that has confounded the best minds of physics for a hundred years and still continues to generate controversy."
At this nanoscopic scale, particles don't act like larger objects, whose position over time is well defined, such as an airplane or an apple falling from a tree.
A and B are two "entangled" quantum particles. A measurement of particle A correlates instantly with a measurement of faraway particle B, which seems to violate relativity. (How can A get a signal to B faster than the speed of light?) MIWdescribes this as follows. The two black discs represent particles A and B in our world. There is also a neighboring world in which A and B also exist, but at slightly displaced positions (the open, dashed circles). The two worlds interact because they are close to each other, even though the two particles are far apart.
Instead, particles sometimes behave as fixed particles, and other times behave more like waves. Even weirder than this: when scientists look at a quantum particle, it behaves like a particle. When they're not looking, it suddenly starts acting like a wave.
Even Albert Einstein is said to have disagreed with the quantum idea that particles could exist in an approximate possible location or possibly more than one location at a time rather than just one place.
"I like to think the moon is there, even if I am not looking at it," Einstein famously said on the topic.
Scientists dissect and disagree to this day as to exactly what's happening on this tiny scale. Although they may not know for sure what's happening, they do at least know how to predict the wave-like behavior of the quantum particle when it's not being observed.
For this, they use the Schrödinger Equation, a mathematical description invented in the '20s that describes how these crazy particles move as a wave over time.
At least, they did until Poirier took another look at the wave and upended established quantum theory.
Some physicists can make much about the philosophy of quantum mechanics, Poirier said. For a chemist such as himself, however, he is less interested in the philosophy and more interested in solving Schrödinger's quantum wave equation to help him understand chemical reactions.
"In physical chemistry, we are interested in solving problems involving large, complex molecules as accurately as we can," he said.
"We're looking for the reaction rate for a chemical reaction, the allowed quantum states of a molecule and the spectral 'fingerprint' that a molecule emits or absorbs when we shine a light on it. …
"There is a paradox here. To answer these kinds of questions accurately requires quantum mechanics, but solving quantum mechanics problems for large systems (more than three bodies) is extraordinarily difficult."
Chemists use traditional grid-based methods for solving the quantum wave equation. However, the more complex the molecule, the more complex the computations become. With each atom added to the molecule, about 10,000 times more additional computational effort is needed, he said.
To ease the computational burden, chemists borrowed an idea from engineers to allow the grid points to move like a liquid and "flow" with the quantum wave.
Once moving, the grid points trace out trajectories, much like a baseball. While engineers use the technique to model fluid flow, chemists use it to help calculate the motion of the quantum wave –hence the term 'quantum hydrodynamics.'
At a certain point, Poirier wondered what would happen if you left the wave computations out and just worked with the quantum trajectories and if the simpler numerical simulation still would be valid.
"My key insight was to realize that all you really need are the moving quantum trajectories themselves," he said.
"The quantum wave is not actually needed to tell your trajectories how to move. The trajectories tell themselves how to move.
"Moreover, you don't need the wave for anything else either. Any scientific question that might be answered by knowing the motion of the wave can also be answered just as easily by knowing the motion of the trajectories alone. So the wave becomes completely extraneous and can be discarded altogether."
Window Into Wonderland
The concept of many quantum worlds isn't quite new. In the '50s, a graduate student at Princeton University named Hugh Everett III had a similar explanation to account for the strangeness of quantum mechanics.
Poirier said Everett Many Worlds theory is based on the standard quantum wave mathematics, so it is not clear where the worlds actually come from or how they're defined.
Critics disagree with the theory for this reason and because the universes fork into countless more each time scientists, say, take a measurement.
In Poirier's Many Interacting Worlds approach, these worlds are built into the mathematics right from the start, so scientists don't have to do anything special to define them.
It works, he said, because wave-based mathematics aren't used. Worlds never fork or merge the way Everett's worlds do, and Poirier's worlds interact with each other. Everett's do not.
"The Many Interacting Worlds theory works more like a flock of birds than an infinitely branching tree," he said.
Poirier compared figuring out quantum mechanics without the wave function to putting up scaffolding, building a structure inside and then realizing you just needed the scaffolding. From a practical point of view, fewer mathematical moving parts mean greater simplicity.
It also posed interesting questions about the physics philosophy on the wave and what it means if you don't need it, he said. Quantum trajectories may be more than just a computational tool. They actually may explain what is going on at the quantum level.
"People have argued for a long time about what the wave function means philosophically and how it should be interpreted," he said.
"Now we suddenly realized that this may be entirely the wrong way to frame the argument. The more fundamental question should be, 'Does the wave function even exist, and if not, what takes its place?'
"At present, we cannot say definitively that the wave function does not exist. Only that its existence is not necessary, because we've found another mathematical method that provides all the same information. So, what does this new mathematics have to say about what takes the place of the wave function? What emerges from the math are parallel universes."
Poirier explained that in the classical physical world where humans operate, everything is in a definite state with respect to velocity and position. Think airplanes and apples falling out of trees. We can calculate where those things are and where they're going.
In quantum mechanics, scientists have to give that up. They can know where particles are or where they're going. Not both. The classical trajectory, with its well-defined particle attributes, has been replaced with the quantum probability wave that spreads out across many simultaneous possibilities.
However, by describing quantum realities using quantum trajectories alone, at least some of the old classical notions can be restored, Poirier said. According to this picture, quantum particles really do have well-defined attributes and follow definite quantum trajectories.
The catch is that one has to have many interacting worlds.
In fact, quantum behavior itself may be regarded as evidence of definite particles from alternate universes poking through into our own, causing this blurry picture at the quantum scale.
"That's the most radical and interesting part of this approach," he said.
"Assuming that reality is now described by many trajectories instead of a wave, we have to ask what these trajectories really mean, physically. The only sensible interpretation is to think of each trajectory as representing a different world. In each world, nothing is wave-like or indefinite.
"Everything is sharp and well-defined. But there are now multiple worlds. The variation across these worlds is where quantum uncertainty or 'fuzziness,' together with all other quantum behavior, actually comes from."
The apparent fuzziness of particle positions may be regarded as a manifestation of an inter-world interaction. Poirier says that while the wave equation still works, scientists can no longer say that it more naturally explains what's going on at the quantum scale than the idea of many alternate universes interacting together at the quantum scale.
Both are equally valid ways of interpreting reality that are consistent with current experiments.
As for describing what might be happening right now in other parallel universes, Poirier said that would be pure speculation.
"We don't have proof that an alternate me or you might be president," he said. "I can't say whether those worlds exist or not. According to the theory, the only worlds we can directly interact with are so close to our own world that we hardly can tell them apart, except at the quantum scale.
"So that might be a little bit boring for people who like to think in terms of science fiction. On the other hand, that doesn't rule out the possibility that there are indeed more distant worlds macroscopically different from our own where you and I are living out any number of counterfactual existences. We don't have any direct evidence for that. But then again, nor should we, according to the theory, even if such worlds do exist."
Multiple versions of us are living in alternate worlds that interact with each other, theory claims
The parallel worlds constantly influence one another, researchers claim
This is because, instead of a collapse in which quantum particles 'choose' to occupy one state or another, they in fact occupy both, simultaneously
The theory could resolve some of the irregularities in quantum mechanics
It states some worlds are almost identical to ours, but most are different
Theory may even create possibility of one day testing for these worlds
The team from Griffiths University and the University of California suggest that rather than evolving independently, nearby worlds influence one another by a subtle force of repulsion.
They claim that such an interaction could explain everything that is bizarre about how particles operate on a microscopic scale.
Quantum mechanics is notoriously difficult to fathom, exhibiting weird phenomena which seem to violate the laws of cause and effect.
'The idea of parallel universes in quantum mechanics has been around since 1957,' said Howard Wiseman, a professor in Physics at Griffith University.
'In the well-known 'Many-Worlds Interpretation'', each universe branches into a bunch of new universes every time a quantum measurement is made.
'All possibilities are therefore realised – in some universes the dinosaur-killing asteroid missed Earth. In others, Australia was colonised by the Portuguese.'
'But critics question the reality of these other universes, since they do not influence our universe at all.
'On this score, our 'Many Interacting Worlds' approach is completely different, as its name implies.'
The Many Worlds theory was first proposed by Hugh Everett, who said that the ability of quantum particles to occupy two states seemingly at once could be explained by both states co-existing in different universes.
Instead of a collapse in which quantum particles 'choose' to occupy one state or another, they in fact occupy both, simultaneously.
Like Everett, Professor Wiseman and his colleagues propose the universe we experience is just one of a gigantic number of worlds.
They believe some are almost identical to ours, while most are very different.
All of these worlds are equally real, existing continuously through time, and possessing precisely defined properties.
They suggest that quantum phenomena arise from a universal force of repulsion between 'nearby' worlds which tend to make them more dissimilar.
Dr Michael Hall from Griffith's Centre for Quantum Dynamics added that the 'Many-Interacting Worlds' theory may even create the extraordinary possibility of testing for the existence of other worlds.
'The beauty of our approach is that if there is just one world, our theory reduces to Newtonian mechanics, while if there is a gigantic number of worlds it reproduces quantum mechanics,' he says.
'In between it predicts something new that is neither Newton's theory nor quantum theory.
'We also believe that, in providing a new mental picture of quantum effects, it will be useful in planning experiments to test and exploit quantum phenomena.'
'For us at least there is nothing inherently implausible in the idea,' added Professor Wiseman.
'For fans of science fiction it makes those plots involving communication between parallel worlds not quite so far-fetched after all.'
The ability to approximate quantum evolution using a finite number of worlds could have significant ramifications in molecular dynamics, which is important for understanding chemical reactions and the action of drugs.
Professor Bill Poirier (mentioned on the preceding article), Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Texas Tech University, has observed: 'These are great ideas, not only conceptually, but also with regard to the new numerical breakthroughs they are almost certain to engender.'
IS OUR UNIVERSE A HOLOGRAM?
UNIVERSE COULD BE A MERE PROJECTION
The holographic model suggests gravity in the universe comes from thin, vibrating strings. These strings are holograms of events that take place in a simpler, flatter cosmos
The universe is a hologram and everything you can see - including this article and the device you are reading it on - is a mere projection.
This is according to a controversial model proposed in 1997 by theoretical physicist Juan Maldacena.
Until now the bizarre theory had never been tested, but recent mathematical models suggest that the mind-boggling principle could be true.
According to the theory, gravity in the universe comes from thin, vibrating strings.
These strings are holograms of events that take place in a simpler, flatter cosmos. Professor Maldacena's model suggests that the universe exists in nine dimensions of space, and one of time.
Japanese researchers attempted to tackle this problem by providing mathematical evidence that the holographic principle might be correct.
The holographic principle suggests that, like the security chip on a credit card for example, there is a two-dimensional surface that contains all the information needed to describe a three-dimensional object - which in this case is our universe.
In essence, the principle claims that data containing a description of a volume of space - such as a human or a comet - could be hidden in a region of this flattened, 'real' version of the universe.
In a black hole, for instance, all the objects that ever fall into it would be entirely contained in surface fluctuations. This means that the objects would be stored almost as 'memory' or fragment of data rather than a physical object in existence.
HOW THE MIND AFFECTS ATOMIC PARTICLES AND MOLECULES
How Human Intention Takes Effect - Stanford University Professor Emeritus William A. Tiller has been researching a level of physical reality hitherto undetectable with conventional measurement instruments. He says two kinds of substances exist:
Tiller says he has been able to detect this hitherto invisible substance, but only when it interacts with the electric molecule/atom type substance we can conventionally measure.
Human consciousness spurs this interaction. An intention projected from a person’s mind seems to increase the conductivity between the atom/molecule level and the vacuum level.
“Consciousness lifts the higher thermodynamic free energy state [of the vacuum level], then we can access the physics of the vacuum,” Tiller says. “Accessing that new physics allows intention to bring forth effects you wouldn’t imagine.”
The consciousness can, in a way, affect or interact with a power greater than anything conventional instruments have been able to measure thus far.
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